human visual perception, discarding less critical information. This approach results in significantly smaller file sizes while maintaining visual quality. The program of DCT is carefully optimized to balance compression ratio and image clarity, making JPEG one of the most popular image formats worldwi
Divide the image into blocks (commonly 8x8 pixels). Apply DCT to each block. Modify specific DCT coefficients to encode the watermark. Apply inverse DCT to reconstruct the watermarked image. Extraction Process Overview To retrieve the watermark: Divide the watermarked image into blocks. Apply
oposed hybrid models that combine DCT with other techniques: Overlapping Block Processing: Using overlapping windows reduces block 1. boundary artifacts. Adaptive Thresholding: Thresholds are dynamically adjusted ba
sum of cosine functions oscillating at different frequencies. Its advantage lies in energy compaction—most of the signal’s energy is concentrated in a few low-frequency coefficients. This property allows watermark embedding in carefully selected coefficients, which helps maintain audi
